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Hoeveel is genoeg? Om de samenleving te verbeteren heb je geld nodig en dus een economie die floreert. Vertrouwen is daarbij onontbeerlijk: in onszelf, in elkaar, in de toekomst. Je moet ook moedig en beheerst het goede doen: handelen als een goede huisvader (of -moeder). Maar wat betekent dat eigenlijk? In Economie en het goede leven beschrijft Jan Smets sereen en openhartig hoe hij als econoom en bankier dat vertrouwen heeft ervaren en heeft trachten te vergroten, ook op momenten dat het huilen ons nader stond dan het lachen. In zijn lange loopbaan heeft Jan Smets de omwentelingen meegemaakt die ons hebben gevormd tot wie we zijn: de oliecrisis en de inflatie in de jaren zeventig, het einde van de ongebreidelde naoorlogse welvaartsgroei, de val van de Muur, het halen van de Maastrichtnorm, de invoering van de euro, de crash van 2008 en wat erop volgde. Economie en het goede leven leest daardoor ook als een apocriefe geschiedenis van de laatste veertig jaar.Bron : http://www.acco.be

BPB1911 --- Économie --- Banque centrale --- belgique --- Economie --- Centrale bank --- Social policy --- Economic order --- Geschiedenis --- Samenleving --- централна банка --- banc ceannais --- keskuspankki --- Zentralbank --- središnja banka --- centrálna banka --- bankë qendrore --- központi bank --- keskpank --- centrinis bankas --- bancă centrală --- banco central --- banca centrale --- κεντρική τράπεζα --- centrální banka --- bank centralny --- central bank --- centrālā banka --- bank ċentrali --- centralna banka --- centralbank --- centrale bank --- nationale bank --- federālā banka --- Banco de España --- banco emisor --- εθνική τράπεζα --- емисиска банка --- banco emissor --- banco federal --- bankë e shtetit --- nacionalna banka --- Forbundsbank --- banca d'emissione --- národná banka --- kansallinen pankki --- банка издавач --- šalies bankas --- föderaalpank --- ομοσπονδιακή τράπεζα --- national bank --- sedelutgivande bank --- federalna banka --- emisná banka --- riksbank --- jegybank --- banque fédérale --- bankë federale --- bancă federală --- bancă națională --- cedulová banka --- federale bank --- emissiebank --- nationalbank --- förbundsbank --- narodna banka --- bankë e emetimit të parasë --- banque nationale --- federal bank --- emisijas banka --- seddeludstedende bank --- národní banka --- emisijos bankas --- banco nacional --- szövetségi bank --- Banco de Portugal --- circulatiebank --- istituto d'emissione --- središnja nacionalna banka --- федерална банка --- nemzeti bank --- εκδοτική τράπεζα --- emisní banka --- национална банка --- banca federale --- Bundesbank --- seddelbank --- banca nazionale --- bank of issue --- federalinis bankas --- emissioonipank --- Notenbank --- banque d'émission --- federálna banka --- avaajapankki --- hospodářství --- икономика --- talous --- gospodarka --- economia --- majandus --- hospodárstvo --- ekonomika --- economy --- economie --- Wirtschaft --- gazdaság --- økonomi --- οικονομία --- привреда --- gospodarstvo --- економија --- ekonomija --- ekonomi --- economía --- ekonomikos mokslas --- gazdálkodás --- стопанство --- économie --- Geneeskunde --- Techniek (wetenschap) --- Atlas --- Museum --- geilleagar --- ūkis --- Économie

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333.111.0 --- Algemeenheden. Theoretische en beschrijvende studies. Centrale banken. --- #SBIB:33H15 --- #SBIB:949.3H2 --- Economie: geld en krediet --- Economische en sociale geschiedenis van België --- BPB1702 --- Banque centrale --- Belgique --- Centrale bank --- België --- 436 Financiele instellingen. Overheid --- centrale bank --- banque centrale --- Money. Monetary policy --- bankwezen --- geldwezen --- 336.71 --- banken, bankwezen --- National Bank of Belgium --- Nationale Bank van België. --- Algemeenheden. Theoretische en beschrijvende studies. Centrale banken --- Monetary policy --- History --- Banque nationale de Belgique --- Belgium --- Bélgica --- Belgija --- Belgien --- Belgie --- Belgicko --- Beļģija --- Белгија --- Belgio --- Белгия --- Belgia --- il-Belġju --- An Bheilg --- Βέλγιο --- Belgjika --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Beļģijas Karaliste --- Royaume de Belgique --- Belgian kuningaskunta --- Belgické kráľovstvo --- Koninkrijk België --- Belgijos Karalystė --- das Königreich Belgien --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Кралство Белгија --- Краљевина Белгија --- Belgické království --- Reino de Bélgica --- ir-Renju tal-Belġju --- Regatul Belgiei --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Кралство Белгия --- Mbretëria e Belgjikës --- Belga Királyság --- Królestwo Belgii --- Konungariket Belgien --- Reino da Bélgica --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Regno del Belgio --- централна банка --- banc ceannais --- keskuspankki --- Zentralbank --- središnja banka --- centrálna banka --- bankë qendrore --- központi bank --- keskpank --- centrinis bankas --- bancă centrală --- banco central --- banca centrale --- κεντρική τράπεζα --- centrální banka --- bank centralny --- central bank --- centrālā banka --- bank ċentrali --- centralna banka --- centralbank --- nationale bank --- federālā banka --- Banco de España --- banco emisor --- εθνική τράπεζα --- емисиска банка --- banco emissor --- banco federal --- bankë e shtetit --- nacionalna banka --- Forbundsbank --- banca d'emissione --- národná banka --- kansallinen pankki --- банка издавач --- šalies bankas --- föderaalpank --- ομοσπονδιακή τράπεζα --- national bank --- sedelutgivande bank --- federalna banka --- emisná banka --- riksbank --- jegybank --- banque fédérale --- bankë federale --- bancă federală --- bancă națională --- cedulová banka --- federale bank --- emissiebank --- nationalbank --- förbundsbank --- narodna banka --- bankë e emetimit të parasë --- banque nationale --- federal bank --- emisijas banka --- seddeludstedende bank --- národní banka --- emisijos bankas --- banco nacional --- szövetségi bank --- Banco de Portugal --- circulatiebank --- istituto d'emissione --- središnja nacionalna banka --- федерална банка --- nemzeti bank --- εκδοτική τράπεζα --- emisní banka --- национална банка --- banca federale --- Bundesbank --- seddelbank --- banca nazionale --- bank of issue --- federalinis bankas --- emissioonipank --- Notenbank --- banque d'émission --- federálna banka --- avaajapankki --- Monetary policy - Belgium - History

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La crise financière a ébranlé nos sociétés et choqué les non-initiés qui se sont sentis dépassés par une technicité qui les laissait sans défense. Sauvées par les banques centrales, les banques ont retrouvé leur équilibre. Pendant que l'attention se focalisait sur la réglementation financière, les gouvernements ont continué à vivre au-delà de leurs moyens. Depuis 2008, la dette souveraine est passée de 30 à 63 billions de dollars. La politique monétaire alternative des banques centrales a quadruplé leurs bilans et réduit les taux d'intérêt à zéro, ou même plus bas, au détriment des épargnants. Le déni des gouvernements entraîne un risque de tsunami financier. Les gouvernements auront-ils le courage d'agir maintenant ? ou est-il déjà trop tard ? Ce sont ces questions essentielles qu'explore ce livre qui montre qu'il ne faut plus rien attendre des banques centrales, tant elles sont devenues juge et partie.

BPB1907 --- Banque centrale --- Dette publique --- Banque --- Centrale bank --- Overheidsschuld --- Bank --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 --- International finance --- Monetary policy --- Banks and banking, Central --- History --- Banques --- Crise économique (2008) --- Responsabilité. --- banka --- bancă --- банка --- bank --- banca --- pankki --- bankas --- banc --- pank --- τράπεζα --- обала --- banco --- bankë --- istituto bancario --- institiúid bhaincéireachta --- overheidsschuld --- borxhi publik --- javni dug --- fiachas poiblí --- δημόσιο χρέος --- valstybės skola --- offentlig gæld --- dívida pública --- statsskuld --- valsts parāds --- riigivõlg --- veřejný dluh --- javni dolg --- štátny dlh --- dejn pubbliku --- datorie publică --- јавен долг --- öffentliche Schulden --- јавни дуг --- обществен дълг --- deuda pública --- julkinen velka --- államadósság --- public debt --- dług publiczny --- debito pubblico --- státní dluh --- nacionalinė skola --- државен долг --- емисија на јавниот долг --- šalies skola --- задолжување на државата --- valtion velka --- statsgæld --- valitsemissektori võlg --- öffentliche Schuld --- valdības parāds --- government debt --- амортизација на јавниот долг --- debito fluttuante --- vládní dluh --- nacionalni dug --- národný dlh --- nemzeti adósság --- datorie națională --- national debt --- valtionvelka --- vyriausybės skola --- vládny dlh --- debito redimibile --- indebitamento del settore pubblico --- вкупен обем на јавниот долг --- нето јавен долг --- titoli del debito pubblico --- avaliku sektori võlg --- borxh kombëtar --- državni dug --- datorie guvernamentală --- borxh shtetëror --- бруто јавен долг --- národní dluh --- централна банка --- banc ceannais --- keskuspankki --- Zentralbank --- središnja banka --- centrálna banka --- bankë qendrore --- központi bank --- keskpank --- centrinis bankas --- bancă centrală --- banco central --- banca centrale --- κεντρική τράπεζα --- centrální banka --- bank centralny --- central bank --- centrālā banka --- bank ċentrali --- centralna banka --- centralbank --- centrale bank --- nationale bank --- federālā banka --- Banco de España --- banco emisor --- εθνική τράπεζα --- емисиска банка --- banco emissor --- banco federal --- bankë e shtetit --- nacionalna banka --- Forbundsbank --- banca d'emissione --- národná banka --- kansallinen pankki --- банка издавач --- šalies bankas --- föderaalpank --- ομοσπονδιακή τράπεζα --- national bank --- sedelutgivande bank --- federalna banka --- emisná banka --- riksbank --- jegybank --- banque fédérale --- bankë federale --- bancă federală --- bancă națională --- cedulová banka --- federale bank --- emissiebank --- nationalbank --- förbundsbank --- narodna banka --- bankë e emetimit të parasë --- banque nationale --- federal bank --- emisijas banka --- seddeludstedende bank --- národní banka --- emisijos bankas --- banco nacional --- szövetségi bank --- Banco de Portugal --- circulatiebank --- istituto d'emissione --- središnja nacionalna banka --- федерална банка --- nemzeti bank --- εκδοτική τράπεζα --- emisní banka --- национална банка --- banca federale --- Bundesbank --- seddelbank --- banca nazionale --- bank of issue --- federalinis bankas --- emissioonipank --- Notenbank --- banque d'émission --- federálna banka --- avaajapankki --- International finance - History - 21st century --- Monetary policy - History - 21st century --- Banks and banking, Central - History - 21st century --- banque --- dette publique --- banque centrale

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In 'De laatste gouverneur' doet Rik Van Cauwelaert het verhaal van de Belgische centrale bankier Alfons Verplaetse (1930-2020), de man die pas in actie kwam vanaf vijf miljard frank. Hij hield naar eigen zeggen geen rekening met de cijfers na de komma, maar liet zich er toch nooit aan vangen. In 1982 organiseerde Verplaetse als kabinetsmedewerker van premier Wilfried Martens de devaluatie van de Belgische frank, die hij naderhand als gouverneur aan de sterke Duitse mark koppelde, tegen het advies van gezaghebbende economen in. Waarna hij samen met premier Jean-Luc Dehaene het land de eurozone in gidste. Zijn weekends met Martens en ACV-voorzitter Jef Houthuys in het Ardense Poupehan maken deel uit van de politieke mythologie. Maar zijn netwerk reikte veel verder en was veel ingrijpender en internationaler dan Poupehan. Volgens Bundesbank-voorzitter Hans Tietmeyer was het Verplaetse die de Duitsers ervan overtuigde België tot de eurozone toe te laten. In zijn Zultse dialect onderhandelde hij met zijn Zuid-Afrikaanse collega Christian Stals over de verkoop van een groot deel van de Belgische goudreserves om de Belgische schuld terug te dringen, en dat na een wenk van koning Boudewijn. Tijdens de zomer van 1993 schakelde Verplaetse de Belgische grootbanken in om de grote speculatiestorm tegen de frank af te slaan. Tussendoor leerde hij zijn Nederlandse kompaan Wim Duisenberg, de eerste ECB-voorzitter, wat de Vlamingen bedoelen met "in het wijwater pissen". De methodes van Fons Verplaetse waren zelden orthodox en zijn oplossingen vaak drastisch, en als het hem uitkwam sprak hij in hiërogliefen. Maar hij was de laatste onafhankelijke gouverneur van de Nationale Bank van België.

BPB9999 --- 336.711 NBB --- 336.001 --- P091 --- 08 --- 331.157 --- 333.111.0 --- Nationale Bank van België - NBB --- financieel overheidsbeheer - financiële politiek - overheidsfinanciering --- geschiedenis --- Biografieën en memoires --- Geldwezen sedert 1945 --- BPB2105 --- banque centrale --- Belgique --- euro --- dévaluation --- euras --- ευρώ --- Euro --- евро --- európske peniaze --- EUR --- euromynt --- Eiropas vienotā valūta --- ekijs --- евро банкнота --- európska účtovná jednotka --- ewro --- Eiropas norēķinu vienība --- EUA --- eurosedlar --- Eiropas valūtas vienība --- единствена европска валута --- Euroopan valuutta --- Euros --- euros --- евро монета --- euromunt --- jedinstvena europska valuta --- norēķinu vienība --- účtovná jednotka --- európska menová jednotka --- eira --- euró --- evro --- Belgium --- Bélgica --- Belgija --- Belgien --- Belgie --- Belgicko --- België --- Beļģija --- Белгија --- Belgio --- Белгия --- Belgia --- il-Belġju --- An Bheilg --- Βέλγιο --- Belgjika --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Beļģijas Karaliste --- Royaume de Belgique --- Belgian kuningaskunta --- Belgické kráľovstvo --- Koninkrijk België --- Belgijos Karalystė --- das Königreich Belgien --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Кралство Белгија --- Краљевина Белгија --- Belgické království --- Reino de Bélgica --- ir-Renju tal-Belġju --- Regatul Belgiei --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Кралство Белгия --- Mbretëria e Belgjikës --- Belga Királyság --- Królestwo Belgii --- Konungariket Belgien --- Reino da Bélgica --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Regno del Belgio --- централна банка --- banc ceannais --- keskuspankki --- Zentralbank --- središnja banka --- centrálna banka --- bankë qendrore --- központi bank --- keskpank --- centrinis bankas --- bancă centrală --- banco central --- banca centrale --- κεντρική τράπεζα --- centrální banka --- bank centralny --- central bank --- centrālā banka --- bank ċentrali --- centralna banka --- centralbank --- centrale bank --- nationale bank --- federālā banka --- Banco de España --- banco emisor --- εθνική τράπεζα --- емисиска банка --- banco emissor --- banco federal --- bankë e shtetit --- nacionalna banka --- Forbundsbank --- banca d'emissione --- národná banka --- kansallinen pankki --- банка издавач --- šalies bankas --- föderaalpank --- ομοσπονδιακή τράπεζα --- national bank --- sedelutgivande bank --- federalna banka --- emisná banka --- riksbank --- jegybank --- banque fédérale --- bankë federale --- bancă federală --- bancă națională --- cedulová banka --- federale bank --- emissiebank --- nationalbank --- förbundsbank --- narodna banka --- bankë e emetimit të parasë --- banque nationale --- federal bank --- emisijas banka --- seddeludstedende bank --- národní banka --- emisijos bankas --- banco nacional --- szövetségi bank --- Banco de Portugal --- circulatiebank --- istituto d'emissione --- središnja nacionalna banka --- федерална банка --- nemzeti bank --- εκδοτική τράπεζα --- emisní banka --- национална банка --- banca federale --- Bundesbank --- seddelbank --- banca nazionale --- bank of issue --- federalinis bankas --- emissioonipank --- Notenbank --- banque d'émission --- federálna banka --- avaajapankki --- devaluación --- devaluatie --- devalveerimine --- девалвација --- díluacháil --- девалвация --- svalutazione --- devaluering --- devaluation --- υποτίμηση του νομίσματος --- dewaluacja --- desvalorização --- zhvlerësim --- devalvace --- leértékelés --- devalvaatio --- devalvacija --- Abwertung --- devalorizare --- devalvācija --- devalvering --- devalwazzjoni --- devalvácia --- znehodnocení měny --- depreciace --- Geldentwertung --- Kursverlust --- svalutazione monetaria --- депресијација на валутата --- depreciação da moeda --- deprezzamento della moneta --- υποτίμηση --- Geldwertschwund --- depreciación monetaria --- pinigų nuvertinimas --- devalvatsioon --- намалување на вредноста на валутата --- kurso sumažinimas --- nedskrivning af valuta --- dépréciation monétaire --- geldontwaarding --- намалување на курсот --- valutanedskrivning --- nedskrivning av valuta --- Verplaetse, Alfons --- 436 Financiele instellingen. Overheid --- National Bank of Belgium --- Monetary policy --- Verplaetse, Fons --- Verplaetse, A. --- dévaluation

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De euro had de landen van Europa dichter bij elkaar moeten brengen en voorspoed moeten brengen. Het tegenovergestelde is gebeurd. De crisis van 2008 bracht de feilen van de gezamenlijke munt aan het licht. De stilstand van Europa en haar slechte vooruitzichten zijn het resultaat van de fundamentele tekortkomingen van de eu: economische integratie zonder politieke eenwording, en een Europese structuur die de verschillen vergroot in plaats van verkleint. De vraag is dan ook: kan de euro worden gered ? Joseph E. Stiglitz laat zien hoe ondoordacht het is dat de Europese Centrale Bank zich voornamelijk bezighoudt met het bestrijden van de inflatie en hij toont hoe bezuinigingen Europa hebben veroordeeld tot economische stilstand. Stiglitz schetst drie mogelijke toekomstscenarios. Het eerste behelst fundamentele veranderingen in de organisatie van de eurozone en in de maatregelen die de landen die het meest te lijden hebben krijgen opgelegd. Het tweede gaat uit van een doordacht uitgevoerde opheffing van de eu en het derde bestaat uit een totaal nieuw systeem dat uitgaat van een flexibele euro.Bron : http://www.bol.com

BPB1611 --- Monnaie européenne --- Union européenne --- 262 Europese economische en monetaire politiek --- Politique monétaire --- Banque centrale européenne --- Euro --- Eurocrisis (2010-) --- Eu ; economische politiek --- euro --- Europese munteenheid --- Europese unie --- Monetair beleid --- Europese centrale bank --- Eenheidsmunt --- Europa --- Toekomstvisies --- Internationale economie --- Internationale economische politiek --- Europese Centrale Bank --- Banco Central Europeu --- Европска централна банка --- European Central Bank --- Ευρωπαϊκή Κεντρική Τράπεζα --- Europos Centrinis Bankas --- il-Bank Ċentrali Ewropew --- Európska centrálna banka --- Banca centrale europea --- Den Europæiske Centralbank --- An Banc Ceannais Eorpach --- Banka Qendrore Europiane --- Europäische Zentralbank --- Europska središnja banka --- Европейска централна банка --- Europejski Bank Centralny --- Euroopa Keskpank --- Eiropas Centrālā banka --- Európai Központi Bank --- Evropska centralna banka --- Banco Central Europeo --- Banca Centrală Europeană --- Europeiska centralbanken --- Euroopan keskuspankki --- Evropská centrální banka --- EZB --- EKT --- ECB --- Evropská ústřední banka --- EBC --- EKP --- EKB --- ústřední banka --- BĊE --- BQE --- ЕЦБ --- Europos centrinis bankas --- BCE --- política monetaria --- νομισματική πολιτική --- politică monetară --- měnová politika --- menová politika --- rahapolitiikka --- pinigų politika --- Geldpolitik --- política monetária --- monetary policy --- monetārā politika --- monetair beleid --- rahapoliitika --- валутна политика --- penningpolitik --- monetarna politika --- монетарна политика --- polityka walutowa --- monetær politik --- politica monetaria --- politika monetarja --- monetáris politika --- politikë monetare --- currency reform --- monetární politika --- monetaire stabiliteit --- menová situácia --- νομισματική μεταρρύθμιση --- pinigų reforma --- situazione monetaria --- naudas politika --- monetáris helyzet --- měnová situace --- menová reforma --- currency situation --- situação monetária --- situación monetaria --- money policy --- valuuttatilanne --- situatë valutore --- reformă monetară --- penningreform --- νομισματική κατάσταση --- Währungspolitik --- Währungslage --- riforma monetaria --- monetáris reform --- monetarinė politika --- peňažná politika --- reformë valutore --- reforma monetária --- valuutareform --- valuutasituatsioon --- situație monetară --- novčarska politika --- pénzpolitika --- situation monétaire --- pénzreform --- rahareform --- réforme monétaire --- novčana politika --- valūtas reforma --- Geld- und Kreditpolitik --- reforma monetaria --- stabilità monetaria --- монетарна реформа --- Währungsreform --- monetaire situatie --- politika e parasë --- monetaarpoliitika --- monetaire hervorming --- piniginė padėtis --- valuuttauudistus --- měnová reforma --- monetär situation --- Europese Unie --- Europska unija --- União Europeia --- Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση --- Európska únia --- Európai Unió --- Europäische Union --- Europos Sąjunga --- Evropská unie --- Европска унија --- Unjoni Ewropea --- Европейски съюз --- Europeiska unionen --- European Union --- Euroopan unioni --- Eiropas Savienība --- Unión Europea --- Evropska unija --- Unia Europejska --- Unione europea --- Uniunea Europeană --- Den Europæiske Union --- Европска Унија --- Euroopa Liit --- an tAontas Eorpach --- Bashkimi Europian --- Sąjungos institucija --- Sąjungos teisė --- právo Únie --- νόμος της Ένωσης --- Savienības tiesības --- wet van de Unie --- legge dell'Unione --- Europæisk Union --- unionslagstiftning --- atto dell'Unione --- AE --- loi de l'Union --- EU --- e drejta e Bashkimit --- ЕУ --- lege a Uniunii Europene --- Union law --- европска валута --- waluta europejska --- monedă europeană --- moneda europea --- europæisk mønt --- Europäische Währung --- europska valuta --- Euroopa valuuta --- valuta Ewropea --- moneta europea --- европейска валута --- monedha europiane --- moeda europeia --- evropska valuta --- Eiropas valūta --- evropská měna --- európai valuta --- ευρωπαϊκό νόμισμα --- európska mena --- eurooppalainen raha --- europeisk valuta --- European currency --- Europos valiuta --- Europos valiutos vienetas --- ευρωπαϊκή νομισματική μονάδα --- unidade de conta --- Europese valutaeenheid --- unità di conto --- njësi e llogarisë --- Europese rekeneenheid --- Euroopan rahayksikkö --- Euroopan laskentayksikkö --- unidad monetaria europea --- europæisk valutaenhed --- Europäische Rechnungseinheit --- ERE --- UCE --- evropská měnová jednotka --- europeisk valutaenhet --- räkneenhet --- unité de compte européenne --- evropská zúčtovací jednotka --- unit of account --- ευρωπαϊκή λογιστική μονάδα --- njësi e monedhës europiane --- arvestusühik --- unidade monetária europeia --- regningsenhed --- EUA --- európai elszámolási egység --- unité de compte --- ELY --- NJLLE --- omräkningsenhet --- unitate de cont --- valutaenhet --- európai valutaegység --- Rechnungseinheit --- europæisk møntenhed --- europeisk räkneenhet --- europska novčana jedinica --- europæisk valuta --- ΕΛΜ --- rekeneenheid --- Euroopa arvestusühik --- unité monétaire européenne --- EAV --- unidad de cuenta europea --- unidade de conta europeia --- europæisk regningsenhed --- unitate europeană de cont --- apskaitos vienetas --- evropská účetní jednotka --- λογιστική μονάδα --- unidad de cuenta --- njësi e llogarisë europiane --- laskentayksikkö --- EEE --- unità monetaria europea --- Europäische Währungseinheit --- elszámolási egység --- European unit of account --- Euroopa rahaühik --- Europos apskaitos vienetas --- európai pénz --- RE --- unità di conto europea --- ΕΝΜ --- unitate monetară europeană --- europeisk omräkningsenhet --- EAÜ --- EURO --- Toekomstvisie --- Internationale politiek --- Crisis --- Cultuur --- Economische politiek --- beartas airgeadaíochta --- airgeadra Eorpach --- 340 --- Nobelprijs economie --- ECB (Europese Centrale Bank) --- economie --- économie --- Banque centrale européenne --- Monnaie européenne --- Union européenne --- Politique monétaire --- economische politiek.